From the article: "One avenue for supporting students with and at-risk for emotional and behavioral disorders (e.g., internalizing and externalizing behaviors) is implementation of tiered systems, which emphasize evidence-based practices to prevent and respond to academic, behavioral, and social and emotional well-being needs. We conducted this study to quantify cross-sectional differences between the academic years before (pre-pandemic: 2018-2019 and 2019-2020) and immediately following the pandemic onset (after-pandemic onset: 2021-2022) in students' levels of internalizing and externalizing behaviors and referrals for special education eligibility determination."